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1. 丝杠导轨：精密机械中常用传动部件1.1. 丝杠导轨为核心传动部件，直接影响设备精度和稳定性滚珠丝杠是将旋转运动转换成线性运动的理想传动装置，主要由丝杠轴、螺母、滚 珠以及循环部件组成。丝杠轴、螺母和端盖 (一类滚珠循环部件，此处以“端盖式循环” 为例解释滚珠丝杠传动原理) 上都制有圆弧形螺旋槽，将它们套装在一起时，这些槽对 合起来就形成了螺旋通道，滚珠能够在通道内循环滚动。当丝杠相对于螺母旋转时，滚 珠在滚道内自转，同时又在封闭的滚道内循环运动，使丝杠和螺母相对产生轴向运动。

1. Screw guide rail: the most commonly used transmission component in precision machinery 1.1 The screw guide is the core transmission component, which directly affects the accuracy and stability of the equipment. The ball screw is an ideal transmission device that converts rotational motion into linear motion, mainly composed of a screw shaft, nut, ball, and circulating components. The screw shaft, nut, and end cap (a type of ball screw circulation component, here taking the "end cap circulation" as an example to explain the principle of ball screw transmission) are all made with circular arc-shaped spiral grooves. When they are fitted together, these grooves match to form a spiral channel, and the ball can circulate and roll in the channel. When the screw rotates relative to the nut, the ball rotates on its own in the raceway, while also circulating in the closed raceway, causing axial motion between the screw and nut.

滚珠丝杠主要可分为内循环和外循环两大类，外循环中又可再分为端部导流、管循 环和端盖式。外循环式滚珠丝杠运动时，部分滚珠与丝杠不接触，其优点为工艺简单且 易于制造，而缺点为效率较低；内循环式滚珠丝杠运动时，滚珠始终与丝杠接触，适用 于高速高敏高刚度场景，但缺点为加工困难。相较普通滑动丝杠，滚珠丝杠使用滚珠传递运动，具有传动效率高、定位精度高和 传动刚度大等明显优势。

Ball screws can be mainly divided into two categories: internal circulation and external circulation. External circulation can be further divided into end guide, tube circulation, and end cap type. When the external circulation ball screw moves, some of the balls do not come into contact with the screw, which has the advantages of simple process and easy manufacturing, but the disadvantage is low efficiency; When the internal circulation ball screw moves, the ball is always in contact with the screw, which is suitable for high-speed, high-sensitivity, and high stiffness scenarios, but the disadvantage is that it is difficult to process. Compared to ordinary sliding screws, ball screws use ball bearings to transmit motion, which has obvious advantages such as high transmission efficiency, high positioning accuracy, and high transmission stiffness.

滑动丝杠的优点在于结构简单、加工方便、成本低和能自锁， 缺点是摩擦阻力大，易磨损，传动效率低。目前已逐步被滚珠丝杠所替代，但在部分需 要自锁功能和对精度传动效率要求不高的场景仍有应用。

The advantages of sliding screw are simple structure, easy processing, low cost, and self-locking ability. The disadvantages are high frictional resistance, easy wear, and low transmission efficiency. At present, it has gradually been replaced by ball screws, but it still has applications in some scenarios that require self-locking function and low precision transmission efficiency requirements.

导轨副实现支撑和机械导向作用，主要由导轨和滑座组成。导轨副，简称导轨。一 副导轨主要由两部分组成：在工作时固定不动，起到支撑作用的部分称为支承导轨 (或 导轨)；另一个相对支承导轨作直线或回转运动，起到机械导向作用的部分称为滑座。常 用导轨种类包括一般滑动导轨、滚动导轨、流体介质摩擦导轨等，其中滚动导轨摩擦系 数小，故运动灵敏且定位精度高。

The guide rail pair provides support and mechanical guidance, mainly composed of guide rails and sliding seats. Guide rail pair, abbreviated as guide rail. A pair of guide rails mainly consists of two parts: the part that is fixed and plays a supporting role during operation is called a supporting guide rail (or guide rail); The part that performs linear or rotational motion relative to the supporting guide rail and plays a mechanical guiding role is called a slide. The commonly used types of guide rails include general sliding guide rails, rolling guide rails, fluid medium friction guide rails, etc. Among them, rolling guide rails have a small friction coefficient, so they are sensitive to motion and have high positioning accuracy.

滚珠丝杠精度等级划分标准是任取长度为 300MM 的一段丝杠，测量实际移动距离 和理想移动距离的偏差，偏差越小，精度越高。按国内分类，精度等级有 P1、P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10；日本、韩国和台湾省采用 JS 等级即 CO、C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10；欧洲采用的标准是 ITO、IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。

The standard for classifying the accuracy level of ball screws is to measure the deviation between the actual movement distance and the ideal movement distance of any screw with a length of 300MM. The smaller the deviation, the higher the accuracy. According to domestic classification, the accuracy level includes P1 P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10； Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, China Province of China adopt JS grade, namely CO C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10； The standards adopted by European countries are ITO IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。

通常 情况下，普通机械采用 C7、C10 级别丝杠即可满足加工要求；数控设备一般需要 C3、 C5 级别丝杠，其内大部分数控机床配套 C5 级丝杠。航空制造设备、精密投影及三 坐标测量设备等一般采用 C3、C2 级别丝杠。直线导轨精度按行走 100mm 的平行度划分，可分为普通级（C）、（H）、精密 级（P）、超精密级（SP）与超高精密级（UP）五个等级，其中平行度是指将导轨以螺栓 固定在基准面上，使滑块在导轨全长上运行时，滑块与导轨基准面之间的平行度误差。从市场空间来看，全球滚珠丝杠市场规模稳健增长，已成为重要的消费市场 之一，长期成长空间可观。根据公司招股书，2016 -2021 年全球滚珠丝杠市场规模从 13.1 亿美元增长 17.5 亿美元；同期我国滚珠丝杠市场规模从 16.8 亿元增长 25.6 亿元， CAGR 为 8.8%。

Under normal circumstances, ordinary machinery can meet processing requirements by using C7 and C10 grade lead screws; Numerical control equipment generally requires C3 and C5 grade screws, with most domestic CNC machine tools being equipped with C5 grade screws. Aviation manufacturing equipment, precision projection and coordinate measuring equipment generally use C3 and C2 grade screws. The accuracy of linear guides can be divided into five levels based on a parallelism of 100mm, including ordinary level (C), advanced level (H), precision level (P), ultra precision level (SP), and ultra high precision level (UP). Parallelism refers to the parallelism error between the slider and the guide rail reference plane when the guide rail is bolted to the reference plane and the slider runs along the entire length of the guide rail. From the perspective of market space, the global ball screw market is steadily growing in size, and China has become one of the most important consumer markets with considerable long-term growth potential. According to the company's prospectus, the global ball screw market grew from $1.31 billion to $1.75 billion from 2016 to 2021; During the same period, the market size of ball screws in China increased from 1.68 billion yuan to 2.56 billion yuan, with a CAGR of 8.8%.

已成为滚珠丝杠产物重要的消费市场之一，约占全球规模总量的20%左右。目前没有权威机构对导轨销售规模情况进行追踪统计，但导轨与滚珠丝杠常常配套 使用和采购，生产端（主流厂商同时生产丝杠和导轨）便可基于过去生产实践，对两者 的市场规模之比做出合理估计。根据我们的草根调研，滚珠丝杠和导轨的市场规模之比 约为 1：4，即滚珠丝杠&导轨的整体市场空间可基于滚珠丝杠市场规模值的五倍进行推 算。根据我们测算，2021 年全球滚珠丝杠&导轨市场空间约为 87.5 亿美元，国内滚珠丝 杠&导轨市场空间约为 127.8 亿元。1.2. 机床、自动化&汽车为丝杠导轨主要下游应用领域机床系丝杠导轨主要下游应用：1）从使用量来看，一台机床通常搭配三套丝杠导轨：普通三轴机床在其 XYZ 三个 线性轴基本采用丝杠导轨传动，1 根丝杠搭配 2 根导轨进行运动。

China has become one of the important consumer markets for ball screw products, accounting for about 20% of the global total. At present, there is no authoritative institution that tracks and statistics the sales scale of guide rails. However, guide rails and ball screws are often used and purchased together, and the production end (mainstream manufacturers produce both screws and guide rails) can make reasonable estimates of the market size ratio of the two based on past production practices. According to our grassroots research, the market size ratio of ball screws to guide rails is about 1:4, which means that the overall market space of ball screws and guide rails can be calculated based on five times the market size value of ball screws. According to our calculations, the global market space for ball screws and guide rails in 2021 is approximately 8.75 billion US dollars, while the domestic market space for ball screws and guide rails is approximately 12.78 billion yuan. 1.2.  Machine tools, automation, and automobiles are the main downstream application areas of screw guides. Machine tool series screw guides are mainly used in the following downstream applications: 1) In terms of usage, a machine tool is usually equipped with three sets of screw guides: ordinary three-axis machine tools use screw guide transmission for their XYZ linear axes, with one screw and two guide rails for movement.

而四五轴旋转轴一般 不采用丝杠导轨传动（因此通常来说一台机床搭配三根丝杠+6 根导轨）。但对于部分精 度要求较低的中低端机床，会使用皮带或同步轮搭配导轨传动，而替换掉价值量更高的 丝杠。2）从精度水平来看，机床对于丝杠导轨精度要求更高：相较于自动化&汽车等下游， 机床对丝杠导轨精度要求更高，基本上使用的是精度 C5 以上的研磨级丝杠。3）

However, four or five axis rotating shafts generally do not use screw guide transmission (so usually a machine tool is equipped with three screws and six guide rails). But for some low-end machine tools with lower precision requirements, belts or synchronous wheels will be used in combination with guide rail transmission, replacing the more valuable screw. 2) From the perspective of accuracy level, machine tools have higher requirements for the accuracy of screw guides: compared to downstream industries such as automation and automobiles, machine tools have higher requirements for the accuracy of screw guides, and basically use grinding grade screws with an accuracy of C5 or above. 3）

从市场空间来看，机床是丝杠导轨市场下游：根据科德数控和纽威数控招 股书披露的机床原材料采购情况，传动系统部件占机床成本的平均比例约 15%。根据 MIR 睿工业数据，2021 年国内数控金属加工机床消费额约为 500-600 亿元，可以测算出 对应传动系统（以滚珠丝杠&导轨为主）的消费额约为 75-90 亿元。

From the perspective of market space, machine tools are the largest downstream of the screw guide market: according to the raw material procurement situation disclosed in the prospectus of Kede CNC and Neway CNC, the average proportion of transmission system components in machine tool costs is about 15%. According to MIR Industry data, the domestic consumption of CNC metal processing machine tools in 2021 is about 50-60 billion yuan, and the corresponding consumption of transmission systems (mainly ball screws and guide rails) can be calculated to be about 7.5-9 billion yuan.

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